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Chapter 352 Tractor

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    " Selling houses will not make the country strong. Increasing strength must rely on honest efforts.

    Through agricultural taxes and profits from the sale of surplus grain, as well as various IOUs that do not need to be cashed for the time being, the autonomous government has obtained nearly 450 million yuan in capital for agriculture alone. This is a concentration of almost all the surplus in Northeast China, far exceeding the same period.  Total revenue of the central government excluding customs!  With money, the industrial breakthrough envisioned by Zhang Hanqing began.

    The first thing is the manufacturing of tractors - this is the first choice for all industrial construction.  With it, it became possible for an agricultural population to cultivate more land.  There is still vast land in the far northeast that is more than twice the current cultivated land for development. Once it becomes a reality, think about what a fortune it will be!  Moreover, the manufacturing of tractors does not seem to be very difficult today, and the conditions at that time also made its large-scale manufacturing and use possible.

    Since ancient times, many people have tried to use mechanical power to replace human and animal power in farming.  But it was not until Europe entered the age of steam engines in the 19th century that the birth of powered agricultural machinery became possible.  In the 1830s, some people began to study the use of steam vehicles to pull agricultural machinery for field operations.  However, the steam engine traction vehicle that could be built at that time (the predecessor of the steam tractor) was like a water locomotive. Even if it did not get stuck in the field, it would compact the soil so tightly that it would be impossible to cultivate at all.  In 1851, British pioneers Faras and Smith used steam engines to achieve mechanical farming for the first time.  Some people regard this as the beginning of agricultural mechanization, but their method at that time was to place the steam engine at the head of the field and use a wire rope to pull the plowshares plowing in the field from a distance.

    Later, with the advancement of steam engine manufacturing technology, a miniaturized steam engine appeared. It was installed on the vehicle chassis to drive the wheels, so that it could drive from the edge of the field into the field and directly pull agricultural machinery. This was the birth of the tractor, the French tractor.  Alabart and R.C. Parvin of Illinois, USA invented the earliest steam-powered tractors in 1856 and 1873 respectively.  Tractors at that time were very similar to early steam engines, but had more horsepower and traveled slower.

    The original tractors were heavy, expensive, inconvenient to use, and often required several people to operate. They were suitable for farming in vast fields and were difficult for individual farmers to afford. In 1889, the Chadar Engine Company in Chicago, USA, manufactured the world's first gasoline-powered tractor.  Internal combustion engine agricultural tractor - "Baga" tractor.  Because the internal combustion engine is relatively light, easy to operate, and has high working efficiency, its emergence has laid the foundation for the popularization and application of tractors.  At the beginning of the 20th century, countries such as Sweden, Germany, Hungary, and the United Kingdom manufactured tractors powered by diesel internal combustion engines almost simultaneously. During World War I, labor shortages and rising agricultural product prices due to the war promoted the development of farm tractors.  .

    From 1910 to 1920, there was fierce competition between tractors powered by steam engines and internal combustion engines. The latter showed greater superiority and gradually eliminated the former.  Today's tractors all use diesel internal combustion engines.

    Zhang Hanqing was the first person in China to rule out this kind of controversy.  Although oil production in China is difficult in this era, most skilled workers believe that developing tractors powered by internal combustion engines will be more expensive.  However, when he imitated the first tractor, he categorically stated in a prophetic tone that the use of diesel engines would be the development trend of tractors in the future, and the reality of oil shortage would soon be overcome.

    Therefore, Xue Guangsen, who produced China's first domestic diesel engine, was invited to the Northeast with a large sum of money and became the originator and master of various types of diesel engine research.

    Xue Guangsen was born in Longjiang, Shunde in the fourth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1865).  At the age of 17, he went to Hong Kong to work in a shipyard and learned excellent mechanical skills.  Xue took the opportunity to overhaul the machinery of the British oil tanker "Qinglong" anchored in the Pearl River. He managed to completely disassemble the diesel engine on the ship, draw drawings, and measure the data. After repeated trials and improvements, he successfully developed China's first diesel engine in 1915.  Domestic diesel engines were soon put into production in batches, which aroused the surprise of people in the foreign industry.

    Although the diesel engine was developed, it could not be effectively used in China at that time.  Therefore, Xue Guangsen's research can only amuse himself, which is a huge distress for real scientists.

    And he couldn¡¯t help but be tempted by the prospects described by the Northeastern Marshal: a tractor factory with an annual output of more than 100,000 units, the prospect of widespread application, and a good thing that would benefit the country and the people.  So he came to Fengtian with a thick set of drawings.

    Zhang Hanqing took the lead in investing, and under the leadership of Xue Guangsen, Fengtian No. 1 Diesel Engine Factory was successfully established.  Soon, a batch of 40-horsepower tractor heads left the factory smoothly. After testing, they ran stably and had excellent performance, which paved the way for the mass production of tractors.

    There are two types of tractors: wheeled and tracked.  The earliest tractors used iron wheels, which were not only heavy and easy to get stuck, but also oftenCan crush plant roots.  In the development of wheeled tractors, people initially widened the steel wheels to increase the ground area and reduce the pressure, but the effect was not good. Later, they came up with a method of adding a rubber protective layer outside the steel wheels.  After the birth of automobile tires, people successively used solid and pneumatic tires for tractors.  However, car tires are not completely suitable for tractors. First, the grooves of car tires are too shallow and thin.  Second, people have found that tractors drive better on soft ground when their tires are under-inflated than when they are fully inflated.

    This problem has troubled the industry for many years. It was Zhang Hanqing who "first" proposed using a large-size, high-pattern, low-pressure pneumatic rubber tire - it was not produced until 1932 by the American Philsdown Tire and Rubber Company.  .  Later evaluations were that it greatly improved the driving and traction performance of wheeled tractors, and was considered the first tire that was truly suitable for agricultural tractors.

    Because tires cannot be manufactured by the current industrial capacity of the Northeast, the French Michelin company, which invented the detachable pneumatic rubber tire, built Fengtian City with its automobile tire technology with heavy funding from the Northeast Autonomous Government.  A tire factory specializes in the production of high-spun low-pressure pneumatic rubber tires proposed by Zhang Hanqing as a supporting factory for tractor tires.

    After the Michelin company of French brothers Andre Michelin and Edouard Michelin invented a removable pneumatic rubber tire for automobiles in 1892, this invention affected the entire world.  In the past, tire punctures that only specialized repairmen could handle can now be repaired by ordinary people in a quarter of an hour.  However, at that time, rubber tires specially manufactured for tractors were still being explored, and no company or individual in the world dared to put this unknown theory into practice at great cost.  However, Zhang Hanqing confidently stated that such tires can provide a suitable support for the development of tractors, and promised to immediately provide an initial investment of no less than 5 million yuan¡ª¡ªyou must know that every autonomous government |  No money was easy to come by, and 5 million yuan was not a small figure in France at that time. With his love for new technologies, Edouard Michelin personally guided the construction of Fengtian No. 1 Tire Factory and successfully built the first  In order to approve such tires, Zhang Hanqing personally named them "Han" brand.  First, it emphasizes the first great invention of the Chinese in industrial society. Second, it may be taken from Zhang Hanqing's "Han" character. Of course, this is only a guess by later generations when they study the history of this era.

    As early as the 1830s, shortly after the birth of the steam automobile, some people envisioned equipping automobile wheels with ¡°tracks¡± made of wood and rubber so that heavy steam automobiles could walk on soft soil. However, the performance and use effects of the early tracks  It was not good. It was not until 1901 that Lombard in the United States invented the first crawler track with good practical effect when developing tractor vehicles for forestry.  Three years later, California engineer Holt applied Lombard's invention to design and manufacture the "7" steam tractor, which was the world's first crawler tractor.  On November 24, 1904, the tractor was first tested and later put into series production.  In 1906, the tractor manufacturing company founded by Holt manufactured the world's earliest crawler tractor powered by a gasoline internal combustion engine. This tractor began mass production the following year and was the most successful tractor at the time. It became the first tractor developed in the UK a few years later.  The prototype of the world's first tank.

    Considering the terrain of Northeast China, both crawler and wheeled tractors have been fully developed.  This is because tractors can replace livestock and become the main power source of the farm except during busy farming periods. In normal times, they can be used as an important alternative to private mechanized transportation.

    The successful use of tractors made Northeast China the first region in China to move towards mechanization of agriculture.  With it, the progress of pioneering the Northeast is getting faster and faster, making it possible to build the "Great Northern Wilderness" in a few years.  As part of the industrial development in modern history, China's tractor industry has not fallen behind foreigners for the first time.

    Comparing foreign countries, it was not until the late 1940s that tractors were used on a large scale in North America, Western Europe and Australia. After that, tractors were promoted and used in Eastern Europe, Asia, South America and Africa. Northeast China received attention twenty years ahead of schedule.  And large-scale development cannot but be said to be a revolution of considerable scale.

    Not only the manufacturing of tractors, but also the supporting tires, engines, gears, bearings, rubber and other technologies have also been improved accordingly. These have laid a solid foundation for the industrialization of Northeast China, and its long-term benefits are obvious.

    In Zhang Hanqing¡¯s conception, having a tractor for every household in rural areas is a necessary prerequisite for realizing agricultural modernization.  There is relatively little land in Fengtian. In Jilin, especially in Heilongjiang, in the southeast and northeast, due to the extreme lack of population, the average land owned by each person can theoretically reach as much as a hundred acres.  It is unimaginable to rely on manpower to cultivate such a vast land, which is also one of the reasons for the backward agricultural construction in Northeast China over the years.  Primitive animal power and labor make the productivity of cultivating the land in Northeast China roughly the same as that in Guanhai. What is the use of having more land?  This is probably one of the reasons why the Qing government during the Manchu and Qing Dynasties had no idea that the lands in the Far East were being swallowed up by Tsarist Russia.

    Seeing with their own eyes the superiority of tractors in farming, the common people also sincerely like this machine that emits black smoke, and one person is worth ten strong laborers. However, its price is not beyond the financial resources of ordinary people's families.  I can only sigh with hope.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)This is probably one of the reasons why the Qing government during the Manchu and Qing Dynasties had no idea that the lands in the Far East were being swallowed up by Tsarist Russia.

    Seeing with their own eyes the superiority of tractors in farming, the common people also sincerely like this machine that emits black smoke, and one person is worth ten strong laborers. However, its price is not beyond the financial resources of ordinary people's families.  I can only sigh with hope.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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