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Chapter 192 New People¡¯s Land Reform

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    Xinmin County, a large county 60 kilometers away from Fengtian, has never been the focus of attention from all parties.  This "noble place" where Zhang Zuolin was recruited and transformed from a beard to a soldier eating imperial food and then rose up amidst the turbulent changes in the early years of the Republic of China has to accept the rise of the next generation.

    There were rumors that before he became successful, Marshal Zhang was asked by the Xinmin prefect why he was recruited. Zhang Zuolin replied: "For promotion and wealth."  Now, his eldest son wants to clear up the rumors and bring honor to his father.

    There are some considerations in choosing Xinmin: there is a direct railway to Fengtian Provincial City. Although it was built by the Japanese, it was also the earliest railway built in Northeast China except for the Middle East Road.  Because the transportation is convenient and it is close to the provincial capital, it can take care of family, military management and administrative work.  You know, newlyweds are a good time for young couples to miss each other. In doing so, they can take care of both family and career.

    Secondly, there are some considerations: placing the Guards Brigade at the forefront of the struggle between Zhang Zuolin and Feng Delin will provide strong support to the 27th Division;  Some people in the city were hostile to his sudden rise - Zhang Hanqing's rise was too fast to adapt to such a force that was independent of the 27th Division.

    The reason why Zhang Hanqing is so enthusiastic and insists on carrying out this high-risk experiment when the foundation is unstable - he is confident but others do not think so - is because he is eager to have his own voice in politics.  His foundation is very shallow. Up to now, he is only a senior counselor in name only in the Warlord's Office. As for the people who follow him, especially a bunch of writers, they have no power or position.

    To make one's voice heard in politics, it is definitely not possible without a group of people. Even future generations will promote team spirit when doing big things.  Therefore, as the general person in charge of the land reform experiment, Zhang Hanqing was also trying to replace the original one with a new administrative system. This new system was the prototype of centralization.

    The original county magistrate and deputy magistrate have been replaced by his people. He is also using this opportunity to train his future civil service system and test their abilities.

    Since August 20, rumors have spread in the streets, alleys, and villages near and far that the government will allocate land to farmers for free.  Although some large landowners tried their best to tell the difference, the rumors were confirmed to be true when the land working group arranged by Zhang Hanqing went deep into every village in the county and began to publicize the Xinmin land reform to all walks of life.  The new county magistrate Xiao Zhang is really going to get free land for the people!  This news revived the earth like a spring breeze and spread it from mouth to mouth among the people of Xinmin.

    Who is County Magistrate Xiao Zhang?  That was the eldest son of the military governor and patrol envoy, a man who kept his word!  Didn't he lead his men to annihilate more than 3,000 prairie beards some time ago?  I heard from businessmen from the Zhengjiatun area that the corpses were burned one after another, causing thick smoke to fill the sky above Zhengjiatun!  The living Husbands did not let them have free time. I heard that some of them were driven to build horse farms, and others were driven to build ditches and water conservancy projects. How could they be transformed into human beings through labor?  This gang of harmful people will be able to get some relief now!

    Zhang Hanqing is actually not the county magistrate, but an assistant county magistrate, but he has another self-proclaimed title of "Chairman of the Xinmin Land Reform Committee". The vice-chairmen are Guo Songling and Wang Yizhe.  This committee consists of the Women's Movement Committee, whose director is Han Shuxiu; the Land Dispute Mediation and Judiciary Committee, whose director is Zhang Hanqing's secretary Wu Jiaxiang; the Publicity Committee, whose director is Zhu Guangmu; and the Executive Committee Chairman's Committee, which is the bulk of the work and is concurrently held by Guo Songling.  , which consists of four groups: measurement, classification, registration, and inventory; a policy committee, concurrently served by Wang Yizhe, is responsible for summarizing, correcting, and forming systematic documents for the entire land reform action.

    The reason why he was able to carry out this unprecedented movement was based on a theory, which was also the dream of "realizing land to the tiller" promoted by the Republic of China.  The government spends money to "purchase" fields from landlords and distribute them to farmers "for free", so what else is going on?  Who dares to say anything!

    The autumn harvest will be in one month, and the working group¡¯s propaganda is to allocate the land before the autumn harvest. This is a big job.  Zhang Hanqing had many ideas as to why he wanted to do this.

    The Republic of China was only a few years old, and many rules and systems are imperfect, especially in rural areas.  Many landowners have secretly joined forces with government authorities to make a big fuss about the size of their land. There are many who use good quality as substandard and conceal land in order to pay less land tax.  Since the "New Civilian Land Reform" was more or less unfavorable to landowners in many places, Zhang Hanqing was worried that some people would temporarily give up ownership of some fields after the autumn harvest to avoid taxes due to concerns about taxation.  However, when facing crops that are about to be harvested, these people will not resort to this tactic, but will make it convenient for the working group of the Land Reform Committee to measure the land and evaluate the quality of the land.

    In fact, there is a more special reason that has not been explained, that is, Xiao Zhang also wants to clean up this time.?Get some benefits.  The various expenditures and production investments of "converting the military to civilians" were too great. Now that he can make a fortune, how can he let go of these easily obtained lands?

    The main methods of ¡°New People¡¯s Land Reform¡± are:

    1. It is clearly stipulated in the law that the ownership of land belongs to the state, and the Xinmin County Government recognizes the current use status (priority of use rights) of land legally owned by individuals.  The governments at the township and village levels in the Xinmin area have established "Land Reform Committees", which are responsible for tasks such as measuring land, assessing land prices, registering on a per capita basis, and receiving "Land Use Certificates".  Depending on the land conditions of the new people, all cultivated land is divided into three grades: upper grade, medium grade and poor grade.  The tax is calculated based on the output value of medium land, 1.2 times for superior land, and 20% for inferior land.  The registered real estate status will be reviewed in the following year. If it is correct, it will not be changed during the measurement and allocation cycle (10 years) to reduce the workload.

    2. The limit on individual land ownership is based on 5 acres per capita. If farmers¡¯ original land does not exceed this amount, this part will be taxed at a rate of 10%; the part made up by the government will be taxed at a rate of 20%.  There are two options for the remaining 5 acres that exceed the legal limit: one is to be compulsorily purchased by the Xinmin County Government in the form of redemption (the price base at the beginning of 1916 was about 20 yuan/standard land mu), and the required costs are amortized over 10 years.  Repay principal and interest.  ¡ª¡ªThis is actually a borrowed-from-the-chicken-egg idea: the autonomous government does not spend any money, but gets land taxes in advance as fiscal revenue to support industry, and then uses industrial income taxes to amortize the interest amount in installments.  Later, appropriate measures were taken to reduce the amount of government debt through currency depreciation, or the government issued bonds to collect funds and other extraordinary measures in extraordinary times.  This is called agriculture subsidizing industry, and industry feeding back agriculture.  The second is to levy taxes according to grades, with a 20% tax on areas not exceeding 5 acres, and a 25% tax on areas over 5 acres and under 10 acres, which gradually increase cumulatively, with the highest limit being 50%.  Based on the harvest conditions at that time, at this point, it was basically unbearable. It is estimated that the big landowners would shed tears and liquidate their positions.

    3. For currently landless farmers and reformed unemployed persons (bandits with lighter crimes), the Xinmin County Government will allocate a converted standard land of 5 acres per capita, but must collect about ten acres of land within five years.  Second, the agricultural tax has dropped to 10% since the sixth year.  The agricultural tax here is currently paid in kind, and its level is based on the standard output of an ordinary acre of land in the Xinmin area, and then the amount of tax that needs to be paid is calculated in proportion.  Because the currency conditions in the Northeast vary widely, in the early days, as a pilot project of land reform, the Xinmin first established the Grain Bureau, and the grain collected that year was sold by the policy. Because of the inconvenience of transportation, some farmers also sold their surplus grain to the Grain Bureau.  bureau.  The Grain Bureau reunified and sold grain at high prices outside the customs and abroad to obtain greater profits.  This method greatly increased the government's revenue, and collecting grain was more affordable than collecting money - because the price of grain outside the customs had increased.  Later, after the land reform was popularized, grain in the three northeastern provinces could not be sold elsewhere for a long time, and the government also cracked down on grain exports, allowing the government to monopolize the sale of grain and increase investment in industry¡ª¡ªthe author was still there in the 1980s.  This situation happened in my hometown, so the protagonist Zhang Hanqing can think of this method, and I will give the author extra points as appropriate.

    4. In order to encourage the development of wasteland, the government also provides an initial five-year tax exemption policy to farmers who take the initiative to open up wasteland, and appropriately provides agricultural supplies and agricultural tools relief to the wasteland openers. After that, the tax rate will be restored to the same level as that of the individual's original land.  ¡ª¡ªPay an agricultural tax of 10% of the land harvest. Of course, the excess will still be dealt with in accordance with Act 2.

    5. The Agrarian Reform Commission makes every effort to purchase livestock for the convenience of neighbors, and farm tools and livestock are sold or rented in each township and village. The rent is based on 10% of the harvest of an ordinary medium-sized field.  For those who do not want to rent out but cannot afford to purchase livestock, the Land Reform Commission can give them credit in advance, but the land tax per installment will jump to 50%.  There are thousands of war horses here that were injured during the original suppression of bandits. After recovering from their injuries, they could no longer be used as war horses and were repurposed for agricultural use - Zhang Hanqing made another fortune from them.

    6. The Xinmin County Government allows the leasing and employment of land, but does not allow the transfer and sale of land. Two thousand years of experience have proven that if the door is opened to land annexation, a group of people with bright minds will always find it.  Even if each dynasty was founded with the slogan of "equal land and no grain" as the slogan to overthrow the old regime, they would eventually fall in the tide of peasant uprisings that resulted in the loss of land due to land annexation and thus displacement.

    Of course, after entering an industrialized society, the use of land still needs to be intensified. Zhang Hanqing is well aware of the disadvantages of equalizing land, but the current economic level has not developed to that point, and the method of "equalizing land" can win the hearts of the people.  In the absence of other sources of livelihood, no one will voluntarily give up the land they own; under the government's strict laws, high progressive tax rates will also make people who have the opportunity to purchase more than 5 acres of land per capita think twice before doing so.

    This will, to a certain extent, avoid the desire of wealthy people for land annexation. Of course, a certain degree of policy support will be given to those who actively open up wasteland.  Thus, in the land of Xinmin, a vigorous land reform movement began.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com)The reform movement has begun.  (Remember the website address: www.hlnovel.com
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